Thank you https://www.zhihu.com/people/jy-huang/activities for the kind translation! I appreciate!
3 Z+ Q" I# t0 q' M, `; R让我尝试从一个德国人的角度来回答这个问题
! E5 i# Q9 N/ d1 [3 E! x2 z/ B3 I此前,我看到不少答案描述了德国良好的工作环境。这些确实是事实,但我不举的这能真正解释为什么工人愿意长久地呆在同一个地方直到退休。一个人因为工作得不愉快而选择离开,这是理所当然的,但如果一个人无需承担任何风险,仍然能在任何地方愉快地工作,那么他也很有可能随时离开。% i1 J) O+ ^9 M( Z3 O2 b' Q
所以让我来解释一下为什么德国人往往能长期在同一个地方工作# @/ P3 f' ~7 } s8 u, V2 }
1. 在很多方面,德国人是相当保守的。在中国,“改变”往往具有积极意义的,能带来进展和改善。德国人总体来说害怕改变。面对新技术,德国人更关注其带来的风险,从而失去尝试的热情。对于新移民,他们也觉得这更可能是个危险因素。任何的变革都有可能被某个特定的群体甚至是广泛的大众所拒绝。% d# |& O, z$ A
看看过去十几年德国人的投票情况,你就知道他们有多保守了。他们可能并不满意政府,但他们会觉得,投票给默克尔并不是件坏事,因为他们很清楚这个政府会带来什么。
( [& Q! w8 N$ y! ~. a5 Q+ D2. 其次,德国人在选择居住地的时候也相当保守。德国是联邦政体,各个地域的发展状况往往更均衡,人口分布也更均匀,而不像英法等国家那样高度集中。当一个德国人建立家庭后,他们往往喜欢购买或自建一个带小花园的房子。所以一旦落脚,而工作也没有很不尽如人意,德国人自然也就不去改变了,毕竟这事你不能每两年来一次。& P/ A2 B( u. D. D% @
3. 德国的工业支柱其实并不是像宝马、西门子和大众这种知名跨国大企业,而是更大量的一些中小型企业。这些提供了大量的工作机会的中小企往往是家族企业,只有少数是股份所有制的。这些企业很多都有百年以上的历史,并且一直留在它们的发家地。这自然使得工作机会变得分散,所以一些处在吸引力较低地区的企业,自然要花更多的功夫来留住它们的员工。2 A' R2 `" w3 S
4. 由于联邦架构以及强有力的地区文化(例如方言口音等),形成了某种“地域主义”。最简单的例子就是西德人往往不愿意移居前东德地区。反过来的,因为有更多工作机会,西德区域能吸引到更多外来移民。6 L* ]- E9 z5 j/ i4 Y0 G5 R% X
但不考虑东西德因素的话,德国的生活水平相对于其它国家来说是更平均的。
6 r. Y& }7 Y- T* J/ }, H1 G5. 德国人对公司的忠诚度是远高于中国人的,但依然远不及日本人。企业并没有些什么特别措施去强调所谓的忠诚度。但就如同很多其它答案所说的一样,企业基本都能善待员工。
' }. i) i9 G: O# ]9 \+ I 6. 部分德国的劳工法律已经有相当长的历史(自保守党首相俾斯麦于19世纪颁布),保证了员工的社保和医保,也使得其后由工会赋予的职工参加企业经营决策权的不断加强。保守党希望以此把社会主义的支持者拉拢过来。2 t1 S5 G: X4 }0 e7 f
所以员工对企业的忠诚度当然也有所增加
* F* b- @0 |, g* {+ n4 y* t" t7. 劳动法对个人的保障也相当健全,雇主并不能轻易地通过调整职能需求来雇佣新员工和解雇现有员工。如果企业决意解雇某个员工,其需要付出的金钱和时间成本将非常高。所以无论是雇佣还是解雇一个人,企业都要三思而行。
( A, o X; v7 q1 w/ B2 p8. 当前德国的经济发展几乎停滞,但依然处于一个相对较高水平。当经济繁荣到一定程度,人们就开始关注自身的一些其它需求。因此,职业成就和加薪等一些诉求变得没有那么重要,人们会更关注诸如家庭、运动爱好、健康、旅行,还有自身所在的各种组织和其他的爱好等。
' x' J. d k8 R2 d f9 h6 M6 W自然的,人们也不再单纯地追逐所谓更好的职业机会。9 H- x' }# C: y6 U4 s6 d$ O& i
最后,终身职业已经变成了过去时。对于老一代来说,他们很难理解年轻一代对于工作“可移动性”的诉求。
0 E3 |6 x# Z ?3 p6 V- l年轻人越来越能接受移居。其中一个原因是年轻一代更愿意生活在城市而不是乡镇,即使乡镇有更多工作机会。其次是企业本身的改变也在加快。随着年轻人自身的成长,他们自身对移居需求也提高了。要么年轻人自己离开,要们企业自身改变,旧有的模式已经不再使用。(这段翻译不好,见谅)
2 [, z, v7 `. a+ p1 ~但是我们依然远远落后于例如美国这样的国家,那里的人往往会短时间内举家往西移居到几百里以外的地方。因为那里仅仅有2、300年的历史,那里第一批定居者本来就是不远万里离开家乡去发现新大陆的人。即使今天你依然能在美国人身上找到这种精神。今天,他们已经不用西进了,而是向着新的工作机会而去。- x, T% w+ q3 C' v; q- a
6 ]& D) V7 @2 ^6 `3 t. b: wLet me answer from a German point of view:
/ L) j. W$ s1 z% |: P/ IBelow, I see lots of answers which describe overall good working conditions in Germany. While I agree, that is not really an explanation why people stay in one place until retirement. Sure, you might say if they were unhappy, they would try out something else. But if they know it's fine everywhere, they could also without risk try out something else. And if work conditions in another country are worse across the board, changing might make things even worse. / ?# ~% G; r, k: r* g* o
So let me add my reasons for being loyal to one company for a long time.
( T) |9 W, l. l- HGermans are rather conservative in many ways. "Change" in China might have a positive connotation, evoking "progress" and "improvement". Germans are generally afraid of any change. A new technology? More people will warn of the dangers it holds than enthusiastically embrace it and try it out. New immigrants? A danger!. Any reforms being proposed: Resistance from special interest groups or the general public.
) K: c0 Q" V9 pJust observe how consistently Germans have voted over the last decades. They might not be 100% happy, but many say "After 14 years of Merkel, I know at least what awaits me". / z$ Q* u1 U' v
Germans are also conservative in terms of where they live. We are a federal republic, which means much less centralized than the UK, France and other countries. The population is more evenly distributed. Once people have a family, they like to buy or build a house with a little garden around it. You don't do that every 2 years. Once you settle in, you stay, so you are happy if the job is not far away
4 [; V& G$ F+ T2 w. I" o. |( pThe backbone of our industry are not the large companies who's brands are well known (like BMW, Siemens, Volkswagen etc.). Instead, the vast majority of industrial jobs is with small and medium enterprises SME. These SME either are still family owned, or are now Co. Ltd. companies with new ownership, a few are Incorporated. But they typically are still located where they were founded, often > 100 years ago. These distributed jobs allow distributed jobs. On the other hand companies in less attractive regions must pay extra attention to retain their employees.
* V ]" B+ n9 r) i2 Z% _The federal structure, and strong regional culture with heavy dialects etc. leads to a sort of "local patriotism". E.g. there has been very little mobility of West Germans to go to former East Germany. The other way around there has been more migration due to the better jobs.
% H( R( |9 I# h; ~1 w# g) GBesides this East/West difference after the reunification, the standard of living is more evenly spread than in most other countries. D- f6 `9 K. K% z! j
Loyalty towards companies is much higher than in China, but still a lot less than in Japan. There are no daily rituals etc. to increase employees brand loyalty. But employers look after their people rather well, as many have described here. 5 Y% I* V2 c2 b& n
Part of that are the labor laws. Germany started very early (under the conservative Bismarck in the 19th century) to enact social security and health insurance, and later followed increasing co-determination rights of the works council in companies or by unions. In doing so, the conservatives tried to take away followers from the socialists. 2 K1 S& N6 _9 r2 ?; K
Having a say in the company certainly increases loyalty. 6 O# c5 g4 i$ n
Labor laws also protect the individual quite well. Employers can't easily adjust capacity through "hire and fire". If the have to lay of workers, it is usually very costly and time consuming, so they will think twice before firing (and therefore also before hiring), stabilizing the workforce. $ y w4 J" h& u1 T- q8 V# q
While the German economy is almost stagnating, it is stagnating at a comparatively very high level. At a certain level of prosperity, especially if reached across the board, people start to develop other priorities. Career advancement or another increase in salary are becoming less important, and the job overall loses in importance compared to other priorities like family, sports and health, travel, membership in associations and other hobbies. 9 }( m% A: R$ m) @$ P" [; l$ E3 F
What this does is that people don't chase every job opportunity.
3 ^* T$ t& v3 B7 F' v. @ Finally: The job for a lifetime is the traditional model in Germany. For the old generation now it is hard to understand how much mobility is required of the young generation.
" B& i* [ c5 z7 i) dYoung people are increasingly mobile. One reason is their preference to live in cities rather then in the countryside, even if jobs are available. Another is the increasing speed of change in the companies they work for. As they grow, consolidate with others, close and open production sites etc., more mobility is required. Either moving physically, or changing companies. Thus, the old model is losing importance. ! E& V. U" \3 P3 S* d1 J
But we are still far away from e.g. the U.S. where traditionally, people took their wagon and moved a few hundred miles West after only a short time. Since this was only 200 or 300 years ago, and the original settlers were also those who had dared to leave their home countries in order to discover something new, I think it can still be felt in the mentality of the people. Today, they don't move West anymore, but all over the place and between jobs. |