仅就近代来说,是因为翻译错误8 W# ?' M' `* F+ p( g' x a2 J1 K
近代战场上的方阵,尤其空心方阵,相对而言机动力较为低下,并不适合进攻,在革命-拿破仑战争前,进攻中较为盛行的是横队,自革命-拿破仑战争后,进攻中最盛行的始终是纵队,至于方阵实际效果如何,俄国的哈托夫在他那本大半编译吉贝尔,小半原创的《战术通论》里有过一段根据俄军实战经验得出的难得原创说法:; ]5 W* m! B! v2 }8 r1 `/ `, N
在对抗土耳其军、波斯军以及其他类似的非正规军时,有必要在行军和战斗中列成方阵,因为这些军队拥有无数骑兵,而且会突然从各个方向发动猛烈进攻。
" l# Q0 @2 U' g L7 X b$ B方阵在对付这些民族时总能派上用场,这是因为他们缺乏有能力的军官,也没有优秀的炮兵,而且他们并不了解如何机动。但在与欧洲正规军交战时,方阵就是一种非常危险的队形,因为除了四角防御薄弱这一事实外,方阵还会给敌方炮兵提供诸多目标,炮兵可以突然对方阵前后两面或侧翼同时开火。[1] 但我国某些翻译人士则是“万物皆可方阵”。
( W- x6 @- \# s以迈克尔·霍华德那本影响力较大的《欧洲历史上的战争》为例,中译本62页赫然写道:) X* X/ Z* A' P6 |& c
打仗时,他们用莫里斯的阵法列阵,滑膛枪经改进后本身重量减轻,并经不断操练,因而开火频率高,重装弹药速度快,以致步兵方阵可由十排减少到六排或更少;滑膛枪手甚至可以在少有的不利环境下同时连发。* v; a n) ]$ K: H
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- k% L1 B F9 j7 H! @4 G大炮可在战场上移动(必要时用人推),环境需要时,既可向步兵方阵发实弹又可发空弹 可原文如何呢,War in European History第59页原文如下:/ `( M5 m7 R+ f1 P3 i
On the battlefield they deployed in the flat formations practised by Maurice of Orange; but a lighter musket and constant practice made their rate of fire and reloading so rapid that the depth of infantry formations could be reduced from ten deep to six or even less; the musketeers even being able to deliver, on rare and awful occasions, a simultaneous salvo of fire.2 @% k/ V5 N! W1 M1 m! ~
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' H+ s j0 N) S6 V; Dguns which could be moved—if necessary manhandled—on the battlefield, which could fire either solid shot or case-shot against infantry as circumstances demanded 且不提霰弹如何变成空弹,原来是个步兵队形就会被译者翻成方阵!当然这还只是脑补,到了中译本第83页,那就干脆偷梁换柱了:( V4 `) a6 h' ?4 I/ a
自从“西班牙王位继承战争”以来,法国军队仍继续沿用步兵方阵齐整进攻这一正统作战方法,已成为代价昂贵的僵化方式。法国人还比不上普鲁士人那样,经过无懈可击的训练,以铁的纪律严格约束,把步兵排成横列的单层。这的确需要一种很特殊的军队才行。18世纪早期法国最卓越的军事作家谢瓦利埃·杜·富拉尔(Chevalier de Folard)竭力主张用方阵进攻,设计这种层次很密的方阵用意在于最大限度地发挥震吓敌人的作用而不在火力大小,他的这种思想在法国军队中始终保持深刻影响直至革命爆发。“奥地利王位继承战争”中,法国竭力贯彻这一战术,结果是敌人炮火把法国步兵方阵轰得四处逃窜。到本世纪末,这种战术也就很少采用了。最有效的步兵阵式,是由吉尔贝首创的“灵活的综合阵法”,即组成若干小型方阵,必要时可联成一线,后来成为“法国军队规则”(1791年)的基础,至少是“革命”军队奉行的正式理论。 可原文如何?78-79页内容一目了然:
. D { P% v! W$ A; Z, Y' NThe desire for a decisive concentration of force to break the expensive deadlock which resulted from the confrontation of orthodox lines of battle also lay behind the advocacy, continuous in the French Army since the War of the Spanish Succession, of the employment of infantry columns of attack, l'ordre profonde. The French had never taken so kindly as had the Prussians to l'ordre mince, with its requirement for iron discipline and impeccable drill. This did indeed require an army of a very peculiar kind to perform it effectively. The leading French military writer of the early eighteenth century, the Chevalier de Folard, argued so powerfully in favour of the column of attack, a deep formation designed to maximize the power of shock rather than of fire, that his teaching remained influential in the French Army until the Revolution. Disastrous attempts to implement it during the War of the Austrian Succession, when French columns were predictably shredded to pieces by the fire of the enemy line, led to subtleties and modifications as the century wore on. The most effective were those introduced by Guibert, whose flexible ordre mixte of small battalion-columns deploying when necessary into line became the basis of the French Army Regulations of 1791 and at least the formal doctrine of the armies of the Revolution. 当滥竽充数的翻译把步兵冲击纵队亦即厚阵(infantry columns of attack, l'ordre profonde)翻成步兵方阵齐整进攻,! Q3 a [- V: u0 q1 b
把冲击纵队翻成用方阵进攻. X7 T7 {. }5 y9 `$ r( S
把纵深队形翻成层次很密的方阵9 @$ h* E+ s8 r8 G: d4 I
把纵队翻成步兵方阵
# e8 B! _0 |% Z4 D$ t把由小型营纵队组成的灵活的混合队形(flexible ordre mixte of small battalion-columns)翻成“灵活的综合阵法”,即组成若干小型方阵
" d& m+ e0 B# P9 v6 {" c那自然会让读者认为近代军队得依靠方阵进攻!: w$ C D- ~- O: s
冲击纵队与横队间的变换 |